INTRODUCTION:

The name United Nations was first used in 1942 by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. At the end of the First World War, an organization for international peace and security, the Assembly of Nations, was established. The organization could not fulfill the purpose of its establishment and the second world war started. During this time, the Nations of the world have become aware that there is a dire need for an international institution to maintain the peace in the world, which can play its role in protecting from disasters of wars. On June 12, 1941, Britain, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and a few other countries issued a declaration in London called "London Declaration".

The main point of the Declaration of London was that:

“The true basis of effective peace restoration is the mutual cooperation of the free people of the world, which will eliminate the threat of attacks and provide economic and social security for all.”

Origin of United Nations:

On January 1st, 1942, representatives of 26 countries pledged on behalf of their respective governments that they would continue the united struggle against the Hori Tuts. This manifesto was compiled by representatives of fifty countries at the United Nations Conference about International Organization, which was held in San Francisco (USA) from April 25 to June 26, 1945. They took these steps on the basis of the plans that were prepared by the representatives of China, Russia, Great Britain and the United States in the period from August to October in 1944. This manifesto was signed on 26 June 1945. Poland, which did not participate in the conference, signed later and thus became a party to it. On October 24, 1945, the United Nations was formally established when France, Russia, Great Britain, China and the United States ratified it. Apart from this, many other countries signed it. Now October 24 is related to the establishment of the United Nations all over the world.

Membership of the United Nations:

The basic members of this organization are those who signed the declaration of the United Nations on January 1st,1942 or joined the conference and ratified it in addition to signing the manifesto. The General Assembly may make other countries members of the organization on the recommendations of the Security Council. On the recommendation of the Security Council, the General Assembly suspends or permanently dismiss the membership of member states. If the Security Council is taking action against these countries, it can expel them from membership. If the Security Council so wishes, it may also reinstate the membership of a suspended member after a change in circumstances. Article 3 or 5 of the United Nations Charter deals with membership of the United Nations. A member of the United Nations can be any independent country that does not interfere in internal affairs of any other state and prefers peacefulness.

Central Office of U.N.

The head office of the United Nations is in the city of New York, USA. It is named as the Central Secretariat of the United Nations.

Basic Objectives of U.N.

The United Nations has a regularly compiled Manifesto, in which the aims and objectives of the United Nations, the procedure for obtaining membership and the principles and rules related to its various bodies are clearly defined.

Its basic aims and objectives cover the following:

1. International Peace and Stability:

The role of the United Nations in establishing and maintaining international peace and security, prevention of threats to peace, disciplinary actions against peace-prone nations and resolving international disputes is of utmost importance.

2 . Prosperity of International Relations:

Expanding international relations for the solution of social and economic problems of nations and using all resources to bring nations closer to each other to achieve the original goals of internationalism.

3 . Attainment and Prosperity of International Justice:

Establishing peace, stability and sustainability in the international environment is not possible until the principles of justice and fairness are fully followed. Global peace can be promoted by resolving disputes between states on the basis of principles of justice and fairness.

4 . Establishment of Friendly Environment at World Level:

If all sovereign countries respect the sovereignty and independence of other states and do not unnecessarily and illegally interfere in each other's internal affairs, a friendly and peaceful environment can be created at the highest level, which is the dream of the United Nations and this organization is also making efforts for this.

5 . Protection of Basic Human Rights:

To solve international problems of human nature without discrimination of color, race, language, sex and religion and to raise awareness at global level about basic human rights to ensure protection.

6. Centralization of U.N.

To become a center for the achievement of all common goals set for world peace, stability and happiness, where efforts can be made to harmonize the functions of different nations.

7 . Steps for International Prosperity:

To organize and coordinate efforts at the global level to remove problems like ignorance, poverty and disease from the world through international cooperation and collaboration, so that these problems can be get rid off at the international level.

8 . No Intervention in Internal Affairs:

One of the main objectives of the United Nations is to protect the independence and sovereignty of nations. All countries have the right to their own political, economic and social autonomy under international law. It is the endeavor of the United Nations that any state avoids interference in the internal affairs of another state in order to ensure global stability because the foundation of the United Nations is built on the principle of independence and equality of all member states.

Achievements of United Nations:

Unlike the League of Nations, the United Nations has done many notable things, which is why this organization has been established for a long time.

Among its prominent features are the following:

Peace and Stability:

1:- At the time of World War II, the United Nations was established to prevent global wars, and World War III has not yet occurred that is a great achievement of the United Nations.

2:- The United Nations established a ceasefire between the Netherlands and Indonesia in 1947.

3:- The U.N established a ceasefire between Israel and the Arabs in 1948.

4:- In 1948, reconciliation between Russia and the Western powers was done by the United Nations.

5:- The Pakistan-India war was stopped by the United Nations in 1949.

6:- In 1950, by intervening in Korea problem reconciled between Russia and the United States.

7:- Suez Canal problem was solved in 1956.

8:- It played its role in ending the civil war in Congo in 1960.

9:- A ceasefire between the Turks and the Greeks in 1964 regarding the issue of Cyprus.

10:- India-Pakistan ceasefire in 1965.

11:- Arab-Israeli ceasefire in 1967.

12:- The Indo-Pak war ended in 1971by U.N.

13:- Withdrawal of Russian army from Afghanistan in 1988.

14:- Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ended in 1990.

15:- The problem of Palestine, Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir, Cyprus, Afghanistan and Iraq is still exist as a challenge for the United Nations and world peace,

for the solution of which the United Nations is struggling with the colonial powers.

Welfare and Social Services:

In order to meet the ignorance, poverty, economic and social crises in the poor and backward countries, many organizations of the United Nations are carrying out their activities under various programs. These organizations include WFP, FAO, ILO, UNHCR, and UNESCO UNICEF etc. are included.

Efforts for Disarmament:

The acquisition of power and the arms race have played a major role in disrupting world peace. The basic condition for the prevention of war and peace is to reduce the number of arms and troops. The League of Nations had completely failed in its disarmament efforts. The United Nations has been working since day one to stop the production and spread of deadly weapons. The United Nations has discouraged armed race. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been established under the United Nations to take practical measures to prevent states from developing weapons of mass destruction. It is an extreme effort of the United Nations that the Nations instead of collecting heaps of army and arms should use their economy to improve the plight of their people.

End of Discrimination:

The United Nations has played an important role in eradicating racial discrimination. The issue of racial discrimination in South Africa has been before the United Nations since its inception. The United Nations, through its resolutions, imposed an economic and political blockade on the South African government and forced it to end its racial discrimination policy.

International Manifesto of Human Rights:

On December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, according to which the responsibility for the protection and achievement of human rights was recognized by the international community for the first time in history. This declaration consists of 30 provisions. These provisions are directly related to civil, economic, social and cultural rights.

Attainment of International Economic and Social Development:

The United Nations has recognized economic and social well-being for the people of all states of the world as an important part of its manifesto. Most of the work of the United Nations consists of various programs aimed at achieving a better standard of living for all people of the world. United Nations is doing an outstanding work for better quality of life for all nations of the world, complete employment facilities, economic and social development and growth. Favorable conditions, solutions to international economic, social and public health related problems and promotion of international cultural and educational cooperation under various programs and institutions.