SAOP MAKING:
Soap is an essential part of life. It can also be made at home very easily. Soap making has two basic ingredients. One is fat or oil and the other is soda. Soap is the mixture of these two.
Basic items:
(i) Different types of oils.
(ii) Caustic soda.
Other items
(iii) Beroza.
(iv) Additives i.e. soda silicate, soapstone, salt,
washing soda.
(v) Different colors and fragrances for bath soap.
Equipment:
Iron Wok and Mixer.
Methods of making soap:
There
are two ways to make soap.
1-
Cold process.
2- Hot
Process.
Before we see how to make soap using these two methods.
Let's look at the basic properties of the above objects which are called soap ingredients.
1:- Caustic soda (sodium hydro oxide):
This chemical compound is sold in two forms. One is a
white color stone and the other is white powder like lime.
2:-
Oil or fat:
Except kerosene
oil, all other types of vegetable oils and animal fats used in soap making
include groundnut, coconut, mustard, sesame, linseed, castor etc. and in animal fats Goat, buffalo,
sheep and cow fat can be used.
3:-
Soda ash:
Washing soda
sodium carbonate soda salt or white soda this chemical compound is white
like flour. It is a special item for cleaning dirty cloth, but adding too much
will make the soap white after a few days especially in winter.
4:-
Beroza:
Soda silicate , salt, flour or besan and soapstone soap
have various additives that add some quality to the soap.
Hot Process of making soap:
There are two types of hot process of making soap.
The
first method:
In a pot, the fat and beroza are heated and melted.
Caustic is dissolved thoroughly in water.
This solution is called lye. Now water is added to the
cauldron and soda ash is added and then it is kept on fire.
When the water starts to boil and the soda ash is well
dissolved, slowly add the clean fat and caustic lye in it and at the same time
well shaken. Cooking this solution on fire causes the soap to become too thick,
so more lye is added. On boiling, the soap splits like buttermilk, allowing it
to cook for another three hours. Now the soap is ready. It is kept to cool
and is cut into bars on the next day.
Second Method:
Beroza is boiled in oil. In which soapstone is added and
stirred. If the liquid starts to rise on top, i.e. it boils, it is mixed well
by adding silicate of soda. Soap is ready and cut into bars.
Cold
Method:
Ingredients.
i:- Oil
ii:- Groundnut or sesame oil.
iii:- Coconut oil.
iv:- Castor oil or fat.
v:- Soapstone.
vi:-Soda
Method:
Oil is heated then soapstone is added. When it settles in
the oil layer, it is stirred well. Now it is churned by adding lye. Even if it
become thick. The soap is ready. Now, let it cool down before cutting it into
soap bars.
Detergent:
Detergent means something that cleans. Until about 30 years ago, soaps were used for washing clothes, bathing and to clean things. But in present times many other chemical compounds have been discovered other than soap. These are called detergent. In 1831, the French scientist Edmond Fremy found out after his research that if sulphuric acid is added to vegetable oils (olive, almond, etc.), the mixture that will be formed will produce a lot of foam with water. It will also remove the dirt from cloth. Similarly, the mixture of castor oil he invented was named "Red Oil". Initially, fats and vegetable oils were mixed with sulphuric acid to form compounds, but today other organic compounds are mixed with sulphuric acid. There are many types of compounds have been made for this purpose.
These compounds
are available in both liquid and powder forms.
Washing powder:
Pure soaps have been used in various forms for washing clothes before the invention of detergents. Pure soap is used by grinding it into fine pieces. Pure soap and non-soap compounds cannot remove stains easily, so some chemical compounds are added to soap and non-soap detergents and powders are obtained. It is called washing powder. Following ingredients are added to it.
i:-Sodium carbonate.
ii:-Sodium triphosphate.
iii:-Sodium perborate.
iv:-Sodium silicate.
v:-Sodium Carborax.
vi:-Methyl Cellulose Colors and Flavors etc.
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