Cognitive Domain:
1:- Recall.
2:- Comprehension.
3:- Application.
4:- Analysis.
5:- Synthesis.
6:- Evaluation.
Each level of the cognitive field indicates a specific
mental capacity. These levels are ranked in order from low to high i.e. either
knowledge is a low level ability than a judgment or an evaluation which is
considered a high level ability. The student moves up the ladder of abilities
step by step. All these levels are not only interrelated but also
interdependent. During teaching, the student acquires various information. If
he could describe the information exactly as it was told, this would be a grade
of his memory. If the student develops the ability to interpret or explain this
information, he is said to have mastered the second level, comprehension. If he
can solve new problems by applying the knowledge gained, then his ability will
be said to have increased to the level of application. If the student develops
the ability to classify information on the basis of common and non-common
characteristics, he is considered to have reached the level of analysis.
Along with the increase in abilities, the rank of cognitive
grades gradually increases. Interdependence is also found between the cognitive
levels. That is, mastering the previous levels is necessary to develop any
level of ability.
Acquiring all levels of relevant skills as memorization,
application, experiential and compilation is necessary to master. Students are
provided with opportunities to acquire knowledge and learn during the teaching
process, which makes it possible to achieve different levels of cognitive
grades. On the other hand, when the students go through the examination
activities, their academic performance is checked to determine which cognitive
levels of understanding they have mastered. The type of questions for each
cognitive level test varies depending on the specific terminology and level of
performance required.
Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives:
According to Bloom, students' knowledge can be divided into
six categories. This classification is called Taxonomy.
Their detail is as follows.
1:- Knowledge.
2:- Comprehension.
3:- Application.
4:- Analysis.
5:- Synthesis.
6:-Evaluation.
1-
Knowledge:
The first stage of learning is knowledge. Knowledge is
related to memory. At this stage the student recalls information, concepts and
principles in the same form as taught. When we review a lesson in a textbook
preparing a paper, we see that it has the material for information.
For example, if there
is a history lesson, it will contain the following types of knowledge or
information.
i:- Information related to historical events such as names
of cities, places, personalities and dates.
ii:- Terminologies used in history.
iii:- Principles, disciplines and traditions of
historiography.
iv:- Philosophy of history and various theories.
From this list it is clear that there are different levels
of knowledge or information. For example the first level of knowledge is to
know the events and facts, which includes the names and dates of cities and
personalities, etc. Sometimes the students rote this information and gets good
marks in the exam even by just practicing without understanding.
2-
Comprehension:
Understanding is the next step in learning. And that covers
understanding. That is, has the knowledge been taken into consideration? What
the student studies. It is also important to understand. This is called
understanding. Such questions are included in the exam to assess understanding,
which can be assessed that students can describe an event in their own words. A
higher level of comprehension is when the student reads about an event and can
be able to explain it.
3- Application:
Application is the use of knowledge, that is, can the
student use the acquired knowledge in a new situation? At this level, the
student acquires information to solve a problem, uses it, and applies it to a
new situation. Comprehension does not simply mean reading and memorizing a principle
or phenomenon or being able to explain its meaning and interpretation. Rather,
the highest level of understanding is that the student should be able to apply
the learned principles and theories to other situations. In other words, his
skills should increase so much that he not only understands the subject but
also be able to improve and develop it on his own. Obviously, not every student
has this ability. But a few students in each class can definitely be of this
level. So it is important to set such
questions in the exams as well. Which the more intelligent students
should work harder to solve them.
4- Analysis:
Understanding the details of any phenomenon and comparing
its various components is called analysis. The correct way to solve any difficult
problem is to examine all aspects of it.
There are three process to analyse any problem.
i:- Everything is consisted of different elements from a
particle to an aeroplane, from a little domestic conflict to a war between two
countries there are some elements behind all incidents. And the first step of
analysing is to understand those elements and be aware of them which cause a
big event.
ii- After the understanding of dynamics analyse what the
relationship is between these dynamics. This is an important principle of basic
science and if the relationship of an element to the other is not considered
the outcome would be spoiled.
iii:- The third step of the analysis is that what is the
relationship between these elements? When the student has acquired knowledge.
And has kept a concept in mind, then the student analyse it, classified,
establishes hypothesis, collects information and bring out the results.
5:-
Synthesis:
Notation is a creative process. This relates to the creation
of something new after acquiring knowledge. A principle or theory of any
knowledge comes into existence when elements or events are connected in a
particular order. The name of this synthesis is philosophy. According to
Aristotle, there are two ways to synthesize situations and events. The first
inductive method is to formulate a rule after observing some events. Another
method of synthesis is deductive. That is, applying the principles to a
specific event. Synthesis is the base of new discoveries in knowledge. To
connect new elements in a new ratio new results can be obtained.
6:- Evaluation:
The decision from the cognitive circle is considered highest
level of performance of a student.
At this level, students analyze and compile standard
arguments and
makes decisions based on principles.
There can be different forms of decision such as drawing
conclusions, making estimates, criticizing, choosing, etc. Determining criteria
for decision is an essential process.
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