INTRODUCTION:
1:- CRITICAL THINKING:
Critical thinking is a concept that has evolved in various forms over the past two centuries. Although the use of the term "Critical Thinking" became common in the first half of the twentieth century.
Edward Glaser defined critical thinking as:
The ability to think critically consists of the following
three elements:
**An individual's
reflective attitude toward issues and topics encountered in his or her
experiences;
**knowledge of methods for logical inquiry and reasoning;
**and skills required for application of these
procedures.
2:- CRITICAL THINKING PROCESS:
According to Glaser, the process of critical thinking is an attempt to continually reassess any accepted form of knowledge in the light of new evidence.
These new evidences sometimes reinforce this effort and
sometimes challenging these efforts open the new doors for further analysis. We
make new doors. This process begins from current knowledge, belief and
hypothesis and after this gradually moves towards the solution of a problem by
finding actable resources.
Collecting the
necessary information and then moving towards finding viable means to resolve
the various issues. Writing down in clear language the values and assumptions
associated with this evidence are important components of this process. A
comprehensible and clear interpretation of the collected information can be a
very important point to give a new direction to the thinking of those who are fixated on a traditional knowledge
acquired earlier. Examining evidence and evaluating arguments in an integrated
manner to determine the presence or absence of a logical relationship between
ratios and then carefully draw desired conclusions the reported results and information derived
before the reconstruction is not an easy process.
Critical - examines and evaluates a particular phenomenon
in life before taking each next step
carefully inspect situations, events and objects.
3:- DEFINITION OF CRITICAL THINKING:
Michael Scriven & Richard Paul's presentation at the 8th Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform was recognized by the National Council of Excellence in Critical Thinking and accepted as a definition of critical thinking. According to this definition, Excellence in Critical Thinking is “the active and skillful conceptualization, application, analysis, synthesis, and organization of information obtained through observation, experience, reflection, argument, or discussion and evaluating which is a guide in formulating an idea or carrying out an action is called the process of critical thinking.
4:- EFFECTS OF CRITICAL THINKING:
The uniqueness of this process is that it is based on evidence and this evidence challenges existing assumptions, knowledge and in some cases beliefs and theories. People who use critical thinking try to use elements of the thought process that are usually intertextual (that which cannot be expressed in words but can be understood). These elements include the objective problem or questions raised about a problem, assumptions, concepts, plausible basis, arguments for obtaining results, applications and conclusions, objections to alternative viewpoints, and frames of reference. Though these are not limited on to those aspects. This is why critical reviewers apply many different angles of thinking during the process of analyzing information.
These angles of thinking are based on scientific
thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking: humanitarian thinking,
economic thinking, moral thinking and philosophical thinking. It is clear that
critical thinkers look at the reality of life from different perspectives and
dimensions, for which it is very important that a critical reviewer should have
adequate knowledge of science, mathematics, history, humanities or anthropology,
psychology, economics, social and ideological values and philosophy etc.
According to Scriven and Paul
critical thinking
can be divided into two broad-based components, which are
(1)- A set of information and beliefs that create and
develop skills.
(2)- The habit of using these skills and adopting a
rational approach to correct a behavior.
So we can make a difference in the process of acquiring
information and keeping that information in mind and critical thinking easily.
And again, it must
be said that the mere acquisition of a set of skills does not guarantee sound
critical thinking unless they are consistently used. It can be said with full
confidence that the growth and evolution of critical thinking is a process that
spans the entire life of a person. And this process should start in the life of
a student earlier as possible.
5:- NATURE OF CRITICAL THINKING:
According to a modern school of thought, thinking is a self-directed and self-regulating process that generates arguments with a fair mind while reaching a higher standard of quality.
Critical thinkers constantly strive to take a rational
point of view, use strong arguments, and be assertive. They try to maximize the
benefits of logical thinking while keeping their egos and personal biases out
of the critical thinking process. Critical thinkers have an objective way of
thinking (more interested in things outside of themselves) and do not place the
self as central importance. They use the thinking tools that critical thinking
requires. That is, the components used in the process of analysis, evaluation
and improvement of concepts and ideas. They know that no matter how expert
thinkers they are, there is always a room for improvement in their thinking
skills. They further increase their knowledge and wisdom by reflecting on the
mistakes made due to the defects in their way of thinking, the limitations of
human intellect, prejudices, unfavourable situations, social norms and
prohibitions adopted without any logic. They try to improve the world by using
the methods available according to their intellect and try to play their role
in establishing a conscious and civilized society. During this process they
also reflect on the difficulties they face. They avoid oversimplifying the complex issues so a good
critical thinker is one who
**Raises important questions and highlights problems.
Critical thinkers acquire and evaluate information related to a problem in
order to draw logical conclusions for problem solving and evaluate the results
obtained against relevant criteria.
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They think deeply over alternative ways of thinking with a broad mind.
** They describe conclusions effectively.
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