The word comparative is used for comparison. The process of comparing is called comparison. So when one type of politics is compared with another type of politics, it is called comparative politics.
DEFINITION:
1:-Comparing different political systems, political
issues, political institutions, political decision-making and political ideas etc.
is called comparative politics.
2:-The comparative analysis of political systems of
different countries, political strategies, nature of political affairs,
political changes, political decision-making, political and non-political
institutions and political systems is called comparative politics.
3:-Comparative political science refers to the modern
approach to the study of political science through which political systems and
political movements are analyzed and a comparative study of similar
institutions is done.
4:-Analyzing different political systems and different
political problems and comparing them with each other to find out their nature
is called comparative politics.
NATURE
AND SCOPE OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS:
Human attitudes towards different social phenomena are
also different. Politics is a continuous and changing global process of human
behavior. The nature of these human activities is different in the light of
which these human attitudes are given the names of conservatism, traditionalism
or innovation.
Different political thinkers have different ideas about
these human activities.
According to David Easton, it is a process of sovereign
determination of values. According to Harold Lasswell, this is a special case
of using authority.
according to JEAN BLONDEL
This is a process of decision making.
Oakeshott says that it is a political activity which is
consisted of three stages.
THREE STAGES OF OAKESHOTT:
1:- A political process.
2:- political
procedures.
3:- Political power.
According to
Oakeshot, these three stages are carefully studied in the subject of
Comparative Political Science, due to which the study of political science has
expanded.
The knowledge of comparative political science is proving
to be helpful in solving political problems on a systematic and political
basis.
In the past the subject of comparative politics was
studied under the traditional theories, but the two traditional theories do not
meet the social requirements of the present day and cannot be helpful in
solving the problems of the modern age, so now the study of this subject should
be done under the modern ideas of politics. So that modern socio-political
problems can be found on perfect modern lines and a coordinated political
system can come into existence at the regional and global level.
OBJECTIVES
OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS:
Comparative politics is used as a parameter to evaluate
political performance and social development.
The objectives of comparative politics are very broad.
RESEARCH
IN POLITICS:
One of the main goals of comparative politics is to
expand the research process in political science. In the traditional method of
study only theories and assumptions have been given importance. While in modern
comparative political science, it is taken into consideration whether a
political theory is useful or not useful for the people of a state. That is, a
theory is considered applicable only after research.
COMPARISON
OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS:
In order to
examine which political system is useful and which system has defects, it is
necessary to adopt the method of comparative political science. Otherwise, we
will not be able to distinguish between a good and a flawed political system.
BROADNESS
IN THE STUDY OF POLITICS:
The harmony of knowledge with social requirements is
necessary
Knowledge must be
in tune with whereas the traditional method of study is very
limited.
If we study political science under the same traditional
limited method of study. So this will mean that our knowledge related to
political science is also limited. Therefore, the modern method of education of
comparative politics is necessary to adopted
to expand the knowledge of political science.
AUTHENTIC POLITICAL RESEARCH:
The main purpose of union politics is to establish a
coherent and comprehensive standard for political research that can easily
model the structure and functioning of halfa-type political systems, and all
this can be achieved through political comparison.
CLASSIFICATION OF POLITICAL DEPARTMENTS:
Classification of political departments is an essential
factor for achieving desired objectives in political science. Determining the
function of institutions and their proper location in political science is an
important means of achieving good functioning of these institutions.
THEORIES
DEPENDING UPON RESEARCH AND PRACTICE:
Comparative
politics has filled an innovative and experimental color in political science.
Now, instead of values, experiences and research are given more importance in
politics. Now there is no room left for history and moral principles in
comparative politics. Due to comparative politics, the tendency to adopt
independent political ideologies as opposed to power has increased.
HYPOTHESIS
AND RESEARCH:
New hypotheses are formulated to achieve public interest
and their validity and practicality are tested through a series of experiments
so that new political ideas can bring maximum benefits to the people.
With the emergence of new political terms such as
political development, political socialization, political culture and political
leadership, political science has reached the borders of other social sciences.
Therefore, it is important to adopt the thinking style of other social sciences
in political science. Humanities is related to human life and political science
is also related to humanities research. Other social sciences and political
science has a close relation to each other.
HORMONIZE
POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH MODERN AGE:
In the modern age,
ideas and social practices are changing rapidly, an important objective of
comparative politics is to harmonize political science with the changing
requirements of the modern age. It has to be done so that it can gain the
status of useful knowledge in modern times.
SUBJECTS
OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS:
The comparative process in political science has gained a
lot of importance due to comparative politics. Different rather than one
government in comparative politics following aspects are studied.
1:- Comparative analysis of political mechanisms of
governments.
2:-Political systems of governments and their comparative
analysis.
3:-Comparative evaluation of the decisions of the United
Nations or various governmental organizations.
4:-Comparative analysis of political activities of
different governments.
5:-A Comparative Study of the Political Power of
Governments.
6:-A comparative study of other political issues related
to governments.
7:-A comparative study of the assumptions and theories of
various political thinkers.
POLITICAL
ACTIONS:
The following factors are studied in depth in comparative
politics:
1:-Political performance.
2:- The political process.
3:-Political power.
4:- Political authority and power.
POLITICAL ACTIVITY:
Political activism has been given different names by
different political thinkers. According to Jean Blondel political activity is a
process of decision.
"David Easton
called political activism an act of sovereign conviction. ”
“Herald La Sowell used a special requirement of the
exercise of authority for political activity.”
“Oakshott named it a political activity. According to
him, political activity is like a wide and deep sea, in which a port is visible
during the journey and there is an opportunity to anchor somewhere. It has no
starting point and no destination, it is only a journey, while the sea can also
be willing to give light.
In political activities the following points are necessary
to be considered.
1:- In political compitation which class have which
interests.
2:- In which classes the political compitation is found.
3:- How did the political confrontation start and which
elements are behind it?
4:- The cause of political confrontation is, government
actions , political ideologies or religious beliefs.
5:- Which losses
can occur to the nation and country due to political confrontation.
6:- Which methods can be adopted to eradicate political
confrontation.
7:- Can the political confrontation be eradicated
peacefully or the punishment is required.
The political
activities of the government, politicians, associations, political parties and
ordinary citizens are not included. The activities of different classes and
institutions can also be different from each other at the same time. which sometimes
proves to be a precursor of revolution. The deprived class of
Power and Privileges always at the opposite side of the
fence. There is a difference in their outlooks and political activities.
For the harmony of
both ideas and classes, the factors that influence these ideas and interests
should be traced.
POLITICAL PROCESS:
All the functions required for the decision-making
process are the most important part of the political process. This process
involves state and non-state agencies. If there is a contradiction between the
governmental and non-governmental political process, conflict and confrontation
arise between them, and anxiety also arises in the non-governmental sections as
a reaction.
The following issues need attention in the political
process:
1:- Which agencies are working in the country, what is
the nature of their work and any of these agencies involved in anti-national or
subversive activities?
2:-What is the difference between the values of
agencies and government policies? And this difference is found in what matters?
3:-How do agencies formulate policies?
4:-How are these policies and values recognized at the
policy-making level?
5:-To what extent are these values incorporated into
decisions?
6:-Is it possible to implement the above values to some
extent?
7:-How can the values of non-governmental agencies be
communicated to different sections of the society?
8:-To what extent are agencies and public associations
participating in the political process or there are differences in the values
of agencies and the attitudes of public associations? If there is a
difference, in what matters?
9:-What kind of behavior do non-governmental agencies
have? Do they want to create a revolution through political process?
POLITICAL
POWER:
The combination of
government authorities and powers is called political power. Political power is
a power that influences the actions of others. Political power depends on the
extent to which it influences people. These restrictions can be negative as
well as positive in nature. Sometimes it can be in the form of promises and
sometimes in the form of threats. Sometimes it also happens that the government
sends those who oppose the political power to jail. The ruling class tries to
implement its policies whether they are positive or negative.
The ruling class always try to justify their actions.
The characteristics of political power are as follows:
1:-How political power has weakened and what are the
causes of weakness?
2:- How is political power created and how is it
stabilized?
3:-Who are the contributors to political power?
4:-To compare the political power found in different
states and governments.
5:-What are the ways in which states acquire power? Are
they legitimate or not?
POLITICAL
AUTHORITY AND SOVEREIGHNTY:
The study of political authority is very important in
union politics and various political systems are examined for the purpose of
determining who has the power of authority in the state. ?
Who is the source
of supreme power?
Are there any restrictions imposed on the supreme
authority or not?
Is the sovereign
above the law or not?
CHARACTERISTICS
OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS:
Comparative politics has the following characteristics:
1:-Extensive study of infrastructure.
2:-Analytical and empirical research.
3:-Emphasis on developing society.
4:-Connection with other subjects.
BROAD
STUDY OF BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE:
Traditional methodology is only concerned with the
knowledge of traditional government structures whereas comparative politics
covers all aspects that affect the society. Thus, in comparative politics, the
basic structure of government includes political, semi-political and
non-political institutions as well as the activities of political parties and
influential groups.
ANALYTICAL
AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:
In ancient times, the views and opinions of various
political thinkers were presented, but no attempt was made to determine whether
they were right or wrong. But in the modern style of study, material related to
different political systems is brought together. It is analyzed and then
conclusions and principles are drawn from it. This is an exploratory study of
different political systems. Correlation analysis is part of observational and
comparative experimental research.
EMPHASIZE
ON DEVELOPING SOCIETY:
In the current political situation of the world, the
United States has emerged as the only
superpower. A number of developed countries are included in its ranks, but the
majority are poor and developing countries. There are differences between the
political systems of developed countries and developing countries. In
comparative politics, the majority is prioritized over the minority and to
study any political topic, the relevant material from the developing states is
obtained and analyzed and then conclusions are drawn and principles are
formulated.
GETTING SUPPORT FROM OTHER SUBJECTS:
In modern times, any subject can not maintain its true
identity by remaining isolated from other subjects. Similarly, in political
science, help is taken from subjects like psychology, sociology and economics.
HISTORICAL SURVEY OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS:
Although a traditional beginning of comparative politics
was the study of constitutions of different countries by Aristotle in the
fourth century BC, and some political scientists also used it in the Middle
Ages. Did we find this way of thinking regularly a scientific and research
status in the twentieth century?
In the present era, comparative politics has formally
adopted an empirical color and has been able to formulate and test its
established political assumptions. For the purpose of study, the nearly
2300-year history of comparative politics can be divided into two periods:
(1) Traditional Age
(ii) Modern Age
1:-
TRADITIONAL PERIOD:
This period began with the famous Greek thinker Aristotle
(384 BC to 322 BC).
He made a comparative study of 184 constitutions of his
era and drew some conclusions. Henceforth, early medieval and later political
thinkers continued to do political research in the traditional way. This period
continued till the end of the nineteenth century. In this traditional period,
Polybus, Cicero City's Macaulay Mantisco, James Bryce, Mr. Gorowsky, and Beige
Haute worked on political science.
2:-
MODERN PERIOD:
The modern period can be called a revolutionary period in
terms of political science, because in this period, comparative politics was
not only started on a regular scientific basis, but also made full use of the
interdisciplinary way of thinking. The modern era of the study of comparative
politics began after the First World War, when the world war overturned
political systems and regional cultures with its ravages. Among the political
thinkers who did research work on comparative politics in this period, the
names of H. Beer, Samuel Bernard Macrides, David Easton, Gabriel Almond, James
Cullen, Carl Davis Powell, LA swell Nussin Pie, Robert Dahl Adversails and
Sidney Verba are important.
HURDLES
IN STUDYING COMPARATIVE POLITICS:
The study of comparative political science is very
important for modern politics, but some thinkers have analyzed the shortcomings
found in it and the difficulties in this method of study which are as follows:
LACK
OF RESEARCH MATERIAL:
The study of comparative political science demands a lot
of material while the discussion and analysis of different political systems
requires a lot of time. There is also the problem of where to collect the
material as it is difficult to get the material directly from a state. Sourcing
the material proves to be quite difficult and expensive.
A poor student of comparative political science finds it
difficult to acquire this material, and it is difficult to verify the accuracy
of the material obtained.
TOPICAL
ISSUES:
All types of knowledge in the world have developed
tremendously and every knowledge has an element of internationalization.
Political science is also an international science. It also raises the issue of
which topics to include.
DIFFERENCE IN GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT AND POLITICAL CULTURE:
In the study of comparative politics, political culture
and geographical conditions play a very important role. Different countries and
states have different types of political culture and regional customs and this
has a profound influence on their constitutions.
RESULT DIFFERENCE:
Different states and kingdoms of the world have different
political systems. Their ideas, beliefs and customs have a profound effect on
the political system. For example, in the West, the source of supreme power is
considered to be the people, and without their will and intention, law cannot
be created, while in Islamic countries, the supreme power belongs to Allah
Almighty, His law prevails over all. Then the perspective of researchers
studying different political systems is also different from each other i.e. the
same political system After analyzing the content obtained from the system, the
results are different.
DIFFERENCE
OF THE PRINCIPLES OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS:
The principles of the study of comparative politics are
not systematically organized. Every thinker and academic politician formulates
his own principles while researching a political topic. The principles
formulated by different thinkers differ from each other, hence the principles
not being uniformly organized is problematic in comparative politics.
AMBIGUITY
OF REFORMS AND TERMS:
In modern politics, different thinkers have presented
different political terms in different ways because the terms are still
undefined. Ambiguity is caused by two thinkers using different terms to express
the same thing. To be clear, the mutual disagreement of political thinkers
creates problems in comparative political science.
DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT:
Different schools of thought in political science have a
particular point of view. Therefore, when a person studies a particular school
of thought, he is definitely influenced by one or the other school of thought.
The school of thoughts by which a researcher is influenced the impact of that school of thought will be seen in his research.
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