Modernization:
Modernization is a continual process of change that includes societal political and economic developments, as well as changes in people's attitudes, beliefs, actions, and values.
MALAD JUNIOR asserts:
Modernization is the process of properly utilising resources and establishing a modern society.
James Coleman claims that:
Political modernisation refers to the decentralisation of political structures, which leads to improved performance effectiveness and efficiency. In a conventional political society, the reactionary elements of a society's political system are fairly obvious. In addition to being unique and dispersed, modern society has acquired universal and precise qualities.
According to Benjamin Schwartz, modernity entails the continual and methodical utilisation of human energies for human goals and the improvement of the social environment.
The Distinction Between Political Development and Modernization:
Political development and modernization are sometimes considered synonymous and used interchangeably. Political thinkers, on the other hand, have defined these two concepts individually. Political development is a broader word that encompasses both ancient and modern systems, whereas modernity refers only to modern nations. There are some signs of modernity. Political modernisation, for example, cannot be applied to a city-state, a feudal monarchy, or an advanced tribal civilization because these societies lack indicators of modernization due to their particular institutions.
Political Modernization Characteristics:
The following are the major characteristics of political modernization:
1:- Political modernity places a premium on the abolition of feudalism, monarchy, tribalism, and religious monopolies.
2:- As a result of political modernization, citizens try to enhance their level of living, while the government concentrates on financial management.
3:- Political modernization causes societal shifts.
4:- Changes in political institutions, attitudes, and structures result from political modernisation.
5:- Political modernisation produces enlightened leadership.
6:- Political modernization causes a considerable change in the governing structure.
7:- As a result of political modernization, state affairs are conducted in accordance with rules and regulations.
8:- Political modernity emphasises industrialization and modern technology, which leads to greater usage of contemporary technology in everyday life. Old equipments are being replaced with new equipments.
9:- Democracy is adopted as a result of modernity. Rulers are held accountable to the people for their acts, and the people are regarded as the source of authority.
10:- Political modernization leads to increased literacy.
11:- As a result of modernization, positive changes occur in government institutions, and a robust and complete method is followed.
12:- Cities become increasingly important in political modernisation, causing people to migrate from villages to cities in search of resources, income, and comforts.
13:- As a result of political modernization, people acquire a strong desire to enhance their level of living and adopt a modern lifestyle.
Political Modernization's Impact on Developing Countries:
Developed countries quickly adopt political modernization, whereas emerging countries face the following issues:
1:- Perplexity and agitation.
2:- The previously privileged class rules.
3:- Developed-country political systems.
Anxiety and agitation:
Nations that achieved freedom after a protracted battle were blessed, while developed countries' political systems thrived. The majority of underdeveloped and developing countries were conservative and traditional. When they were initially introduced to modernity, they were overwhelmed, resulting in instability and unrest. People began to turn to both legitimate and illegitimate means to attain modern conveniences, abandoning honesty, integrity, and other moral qualities, resulting in greater turmoil and uneasiness in society.
The Rule of the Privileged:
The same class that had been cultivated and supported by colonial powers rose to prominence in sovereign republics. This class was hostile and despised the populace, treating them as slaves. Modernity had a negative impact on this class, exacerbating the situation. Religious and moral principles were not taken into account.
Developed Country Political Systems:
Not just underdeveloped countries, but also modern sovereign governments and industrialised countries, experienced issues as a result of modernisation. For example, in the United Kingdom, traditionalism fought with modernity, resulting in wars. Through education and growth, the British people were able to preserve both their traditions and their modernity.
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