Basic
concepts in guidance and research
Significance of Statistics
The progress in knowledge is and continues to
be at an incredible pace and the importance of
statistics in acquiring new knowledge is also
increasing day by day as far as scientific
research is concerned to present a lot of
material
in a comprehensible form and to clarify the
objectives.
In order to explain the results, the
application of statistical principles is very
important.
The application of statistical principles in research has become so important that statistics has now been recognized as a separate science.
Its importance has already been recognized in the physical sciences, but now its use in the behavioural sciences has become part and parcel.
Fundamentals of statistics are considered essential to the understanding and application of research.
Familiarity with statistics is also essential to make better use of modern books and journals, as most research results are presented in accordance with statistical principles.
Although the use of statistics in Pakistan is still in its infancy, its importance has been regularly recognized.
Population
Statistics is actually a branch of Scientific Methodology. It is concerned with the provision of material through various experiments and surveys, its arrangement and conclusions.
Its main purpose is to draw conclusions
from the details of the population.
In everyday language, population refers to a group of people. For example, let's say the population of the United States of America, the population of Saudi Arabia, or the population of the city of Karachi.
All these examples refer to people living in a particular geographical area at a particular time, but a statistician does not use it in this particular sense, but rather in a broader sense. In terms of statistics, population is not only a group of people, but it can also include other objects of this universe, such as animals, birds, minerals, etc.
In very simple words, it can be said that
whatever class is selected for the purpose of an experiment or research, we can
call it population.
Sample
Due to the large size of the population, it is sometimes difficult or impossible for the researcher to provide data on all the members of the population, for example if we want to find out about the Afghan refugees who came to Pakistan.
What is the attitude of Pakistani people, then it will be very difficult to know the attitude of all people. In such a case, an attempt is made to take a representative group of a particular segment of the population based on which the results can be generalised.
Such a representative
group is called a sample in statistical language.
A sample is a representative group that is selected from the
entire population in a specific way to better represent the results of the
research.
Parameter
A measure of the mean of a population is called a
parameter.For example, the math scores of a high school student are taken and
summed.
If they are averaged after doing this, it will be the average parameter.
A parameter is a measurement that is fairly stable. Because
a population will have only one mean of births.
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