Direct and indirect narrations

There are two types of narrations 

 1. Verbal narration (Direct)

    

2. Meaningful dogma ( Indirect)

What is direct narration?

Ans. An action or saying of someone expressed in original context. 

What is indirect narration?

Ans. To express an action or saying in our own way changing pronouns and some time tenses.

There two main parts of narrations.

Reporting speech, "reported speech"

        How to change pronouns? universal formula

Reporting speech    S      O        N

Reported speech           1       2        3

1. First person in reported speech  demands change viewing Subject, of reporting speech in mind. 

He says," I am watching a tv show"

He says that he is watching a tv show.

Note!

          Remove commas using 

                " That"

2. " second person" 

If there is second person in reported speech it will be changed according to

" object of reporting speech. "

He says, "you have done this mistake again."

He says that I have done that mistake again.

3. Third person in the reported speech,,,,,,,,,

N ,,,,,for no change.

He says," They are going to invite Aslam's family also . "

He says that they are going to invite Aslam's family also. 

Note! All the above examples were given in present tense in reporting speech,  that's why, we didn't change the tense in reported speech.  

                BUT when the

Reporting speech is in the past tense then Tenses are changed as following 

Present indefinite into past indefinite 

He said, "I eat mango. " (direct)

He said that he ate mango. (Indirect)

Present continuous into past continuous 

He said," you play well. "(Direct)

He said that I played well. (Indirect)

Present perfect into past perfect. 

He said' " I have prepared myself for the coming exams. "(Direct)

He said that he had prepared himself for the coming exams.   (indirect)

Present perfect continuous into past perfect continuous. 

He said, "They have been working hard for 2 years. "     (Direct)

He said that they had been working hard for 2 years.       (Indirect)

        

             Remember 

Past indefinite always changed into past perfect. 

He said' "I watched a movie."(Direct)

He said that he had watched  a movie.(Indirect)

     

  Will into would

  

         And 

 Shall into should 

He said," They will come today."(Direct)

He said that they would come today.

(Possibility)

He said, "I shall go out."(Direct) 

(Wish)

He said that he should go out."